Intellectual property rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Intellectual property rights - Research Paper Example Intellectual property regards legal attachments to concepts. These concepts are original creations or new improvement on existing concepts. These ideas range from wide areas of: art works, musical ideas, authorship of books, scientific discoveries and innovations and computer innovations. Intellectual rights form one of the fundamental issues in business law. Due to the increasing innovation and integration of ideas into business concepts, it is essential that businesses take a deeper concern into ideas. As concerns property rights, both individuals and companies have a right to legal ownership of ideas (Miller & Jentz, 2010). Apart from that, intellectual property is becoming IT oriented because of the risk of placing information online. However, litigation due to IP rights infringement can be avoided by licensing. A license is an agreement between a creator and an intended user regarding a work.Intellectual property rights exist in various forms. The most common elements include tr ademarks, patents, copyrights, trade secrets and industrial designs. To begin with, this research explores the idea of trademarks. A trademark, as the name suggests, is a unique mark assigned to a product that makes it easily recognizable in a world of sea of products. Apart from the use in identification of a product, a trademark also states a product’s origin. Examples of trademarks include logos, emblems, mottos or drawings. The law protects the trademark used by a company or a person from use by another entity.

Animal Farm and Fascism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal Farm and Fascism - Essay Example During the times when the lower sector was going through wrong reasoning also the vanguard party suffered. (Ball pg 167) likewise in the novel, as the farms tracts down to a more totalitarian form of state, Napoleon becoming the leader kicks out Snowball by power and force becoming "our leader, Comrade Napoleon" (Orwell pg 93). This way the novel is showing Stalins way of communist governance, where power lies with the one in leadership. Also the way Napoleon rooted out Snowball is similar to Stalins behavior towards Trotsky and his other political rivals. Fascism also requires a very bold, strong and courageous leader. An example of such great fascist leader is Hitler and Mussolini. The way people in Italy had this firm faith that Mussolini was always correct. In the same way Boxer believed that Napoleon was always justified throughout the novel (Ball pg 201). In the course of the novel Napoleon is given a lot of importance. He is the leader, the head of the entire farm. He is always protected by furious dogs. Therefore it clearly shows that animals idolize him as noble and superior. This is also one of the similarities regarding the two ideologies in the book. Terror and propaganda are used in the novel to show Stalins communist and fascist ideologies together. Stalin tried to impose the era of terror in which purges were used. He also used arts to increase interstate propaganda (ball0 pg 166-167). This was also used by fascist states like Hitler made use of brown-shirts and defined characteristics of inferior races (Ball pg 204-205). Squealer used digits to manipulate the animals in order to convince them that they were in a better state by having pigs as their leaders. Also Napoleon kicks Snowball out before he executed in general masses other traitors (Orwell pg 53; 83). It is not easy to clearly differentiate between fascism or communism when it comes to

Evidence course work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Evidence course work - Essay Example Legal principles aim at promoting the rights of children throughout the administration of justice. This means that the legal system needs to uphold the fact that children, including individuals aged 17 years, are people in their own right and thus possess obligations and rights. These rights and obligations must be taken into consideration and respected by judicial and administrative authorities. 17 year olds enjoy special rights at police stations. The purpose of this paper is to examine the array of legal rights endowed on 17 year olds while in police custody for interviewing. The paper will further make pertinent recommendations to enhance the level of protection offered to juveniles in the initial stages of the juvenile justice process. Background International, regional and national legal principles hold that children possess special interests, needs and rights, which must be appreciated in all stages of the criminal justice system. This means that the administration of justice, both criminal and otherwise should always be guided by principal principles of non-discrimination, which are aimed at upholding the best interests of the juvenile. The European Convention on Human Rights is one of the most relevant regional legal principles that countries in Europe seek to incorporate into their domestic legal systems in order to provide guidance on the treatment of juveniles within the justice system3. The Convention has influenced the creation and implementation of legal provisions such as the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and the Human Rights Act 1998 with the view to enhance the protection of juveniles’ rights in all spheres of life. Notably, recent court cases have revealed that PACE is inadequate in its protection of juveniles since it promotes the treatment of 17 year olds as adults during interviews at the police station. In R. (on the application of HC) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2013] EWHC 982 (Admin) (QBD (Admin)) , the court ruled that the failure to revise PACE 1984 Code C in a manner that differentiates between adults and 17 year olds is a direct contravention of the government’s legal duty under the Human Rights Act 19984. PACE 1984 Code C allows police officers to treat 17 year olds as adults5. For instance, police officers are allowed to delay juveniles’ phone calls to their guardians on the pretext that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the exercise of the right to a phone call will impair the investigations. PACE Code C considers juveniles as all individuals who seem to be below the age of 17 years in the absence of evidence to the contrary6. Since the ratification of the Children Act in 1908, the criminal justice system has maintained that young offenders must be treated differently from adults in all stages of the justice process. Other legal principles such as remand and sentencing legislation, for instance, Criminal Justice Act 2003, Powers of Criminal Cou rts Sentencing Act 2000 and the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 also differentiate between those below and over the age of 18 years7. Additionally, the Prison Service Instruction 08/2012 describes children as all individuals under 18 years. Under Article 1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) a child is essentially a person under 18 years, unless the law applicable to the child delineates that majority is attained at a

Monopoly Market Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Monopoly Market Model - Research Paper Example However, the legal regulation of monopolies can create conflict with innovation and intellectual property protection and Jones and Sufrin highlight the changes in the telecommunications sector and the multimedia market as a prime example of this and they comment that this market comprises part of a â€Å"new economy†, which: â€Å"Now encompasses high technology industries.... However, the inherent nature of these new market spaces is the rapid pace of technological change, the creation and exploitation of intellectual property rights, the need for complementary products to work together, and a high degree of technical complexity† (Jones and Sufrin 55). This conflict between innovation and the regulation on market monopolies is evident by the high profile litigation involving Microsoft, which has been in troubled in the US under the Sherman Act. Additionally, Microsoft was found to be in breach of antitrust laws and subjected to the highest fine imposed by the EU competition regulatory authorities for abuse of dominant position. The background to the EU case against Microsoft was triggered by an initial complaint by Novell in 1993 in respect of Microsoft’s licensing requirements. Novell argued that Microsoft’s licensing practices regarding tying and bundling were anti-competitive in preventing competitor access to the market. Furthermore, Novell argued that the licensing practices and royalty requirements resulted in a royalty payment for every computer that was sold by a Microsoft operating system supplier, irrespective of whether the computer included the Windows operating system. Microsoft negotiated a settlement in 1994, which led to a change in some licensing practices. However, in 1998 the spotlight was back on Microsoft again as Sun Microsystems complained about Microsoft’s restricted disclosure in respect of the Windows NT interfaces. This triggered

Which step in the communication process do you consider to be the most Essay

Which step in the communication process do you consider to be the most important - Essay Example The reason a message is created is to get to the receiver (Krizan et al. 2011). Arguably, without the receiver there would be no message and no sender as well. The sender has to deliberate everything revolving around the receiver. The sender has to deliberate on who the sender is, the message to be communicated to the receiver and how the message will get to the receiver. It is only after deliberating on the above mentioned issues that the communication process can begin. The most uncomfortable step of the communication process is transmitting the message. The sender has to relay a message through a channel that will get to the right receivers. It goes without saying that an inappropriate channel can result to ineffective communication process (Krizan et al. 2011). Therefore, in order to certify that the process is comfortable and that the message reaches the right recipients, it is crucial to ponder on the attributes of the communication since the efficiency of some of the communication networks vary with the attributes of the

Internet Governance Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 16750 words

Internet Governance - Dissertation Example The Internet's expansiveness and socio-economic importance has created challenging global policy issues. A co-ordinated attack on key infrastructure components or a major security breach could now have significant economic and social repercussions. Even mundane responsibilities like IP number system and DNS administration or technical standards setting have been controversial, including questions about their global inclusiveness. Globally, the digital divide not only captures access impurity but also nationally imposed content restrictions for those already connected. The Internet is not defined by the geographic boundaries that govern nations and laws of the non-virtual world. Without a clear jurisdictional framework for the Internet, scholars, businessmen, and laypersons have been left to decipher in a piecemeal fashion what set of laws and norms, if any, shall govern this forum. The United Nations recognises 189 sovereign countries throughout the world, each with its own system of governance and legal framework. This leaves a vexing international question of who should exercise power over Internet activity and what standards shall be upheld. 1.1 Internet Governance The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN co-ordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider.... The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is a private Unites States of America not-for-profit corporation that has taken responsibility for allocating Domain Name System (DNS) and IP addresses. ICANN coordinates the DNS system: it delegates the management of top-level domains and ensures the global database is coherent. The Internet root is a file, whose maintenance is delegated by the Department of Commerce of the American government and ICANN to a technical service provider. This file is then replicated to the other root servers. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers is a technical coordination body for the Internet, which are specifically coordinating Internet domain names, IP address numbers, and Protocol parameter and port numbers. In addition, ICANN coordinates the stable operation of the Internet's root server system. ICANN's mission is to coordinate technical and policy functions of the DNS in order to promote a safe, stable and commercially viable domain name system, promote competition, and achieve broad representation of global Internet communities. These co-ordinated functions stand in stark contrast to the ad hoc basis on which U.S. government contractors and grantees, and a wide network of volunteers handled many of these key issues. While this informal structure represented the spirit and culture of the research community in which the Internet was developed, the growing international and commercial importance of the Internet necessitated the creation of a technical management.

Japanese Cars in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Japanese Cars in America - Research Paper Example The Americans want economy and performance. They see the features of the car and the Japanese are ahead in this respect. Also, the Japanese are ahead because of their capability to meet customers' demands. The Americans liked their cars with a "swagger and attitude" (Americans Still Think Japanese Cars Best, 2007). The Japanese cars provided just that. While the domestic cars did not fare so badly at 29%, it was the Japanese car that gave the clear lead at 44%. The Japanese car models were clear winners because of their eye for details. The Americans were impressed with the capability of Japanese cars to perform for longer periods at lower costs. The Japanese cars were closely followed by American models. The Americans, by and large, prefer cars' performance over its nationality. The American models lacked in the strategy of staying a step ahead in the competition although they were adept at closing the gap once foreign cars established the lead. However, that is all that the American models succeeded in achieving. They could not overtake the lead. Having closed the gap, the American models still failed to supersede the foreign cars in the areas of economy and performance, "Eighty-five percent of foreign car owners said they were very satisfied with their cars, while eight in 10 owners of American cars were very satisfied" (Americans Still Think Japanese Cars Best, 2007). ... The American models lacked in the strategy of staying a step ahead in the competition although they were adept at closing the gap once foreign cars established the lead. However, that is all that the American models succeeded in achieving. They could not overtake the lead. Having closed the gap, the American models still failed to supersede the foreign cars in the areas of economy and performance, "Eighty-five percent of foreign car owners said they were very satisfied with their cars, while eight in 10 owners of American cars were very satisfied" (Americans Still Think Japanese Cars Best, 2007). The American models were close second even in this respect. It appears the American models have been done in because of the inability of the manufacturers to align with the buyers' demands and also the devil-may-care attitude of the American buyers. The Americans are cagey about models that appear inferior. The cost-conscious Americans also believed in better economy and chose to purchase second hand and well-maintained Japanese cars over brand new domestic models. "It's more attractive financially to obtain a car directly from Japan, even when you include the extra fees and monies you pay for shipping and taxes. It's simply cheaper to buy a car directly from Japan than it is to buy a similar car made in the U.S. Another reason behind this great demand of Used Japan cars is that Japanese drivers are careful to maintain their car cosmetically and mechanically so virtually all cars put up for sale or export will be in great condition" (Advantages of Buying Used Japan Cars, 2008). Conclusion It is all in the mind! The difference in the American psyche and the Japanese psyche reflect in the position of their