Ethical Issue Of Elective Abortion Essay - 1738 Words

Ethical issue in the news June 2016 Three online news articles, two of which are New Zealand-centric, on the subject of elective abortion were published on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th of June. News The first article I read called attention to New Zealand’s elective abortion laws, which criminalises elective abortion. The article claimed that the laws are outdated and requires change. It mentioned the pro-elective abortion faction’s campaign to remove elective abortion from the 1961 Crimes Act and its advocacy towards making it a health issue, claiming that â€Å"as it stands, the law disempowers women and adds to the stigma around elective abortions.† Needless to say, this article leaned in favour of elective abortion; saying that the Green Party the only political party willing to take on elective abortion as a policy issue due to its bid to decriminalise elective abortion and bring New Zealand law more in line with that of the state of Victoria where women can access elective abortion on demand up to 24 weeks. The second article I read approached elective abortion in New Zealand from a more pro-life perspective. It alleged that New Zealand was probably one of the easiest countries in the world to get an elective abortion because the 1961 Crimes Act was nullified simply by having two doctors agree that continuing the pregnancy is detrimental to the woman’s physical or mental health. It added that elective abortion was an easy decision for doctors who believe it to be theShow MoreRelatedAbortion And Its Effects On Health1558 Words   |  7 Pages Elective abortion is common in the United States; according to one estimate approximately 21% of pregnancies, excluding miscarriages, are aborted (Jones Jerman, 2014, p. 5). Opponents of abortion correlate it with various negative mental health outcomes for the women who choose to terminate a pregnancy. The risks claimed to be associated include depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and suicide. Some analyses have shown a meaningful incre ase in risk, and even assert that this risk can be directlyRead MoreAbortion1258 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion Ethical issues continue to weigh heavily in the way healthcare is delivered in the United States. Diversity makes the most sensitive issues settle in a grey area, rather than simply black or white. Many believe that abortion is ethically justified, when others believe it is morally wrong. The ethical differences in opinions will be explored in the following paragraphs, analyzing the issue from different perspectives. Yet the act of abortion appears to break the vows of non-maleficenceRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Of Abortion858 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological effects attributed of abortion. This is said because if a woman is a member a strong religious group with equally strong views opposing abortion she may begin to feel as though she has to end the abortion due to feelings of shame and guilt associated with the abortion or because she doesn’t want to bring shame upon her family. These two very strong feelings may only intensify once having an abortion ,but i t’s necessary to note that before the actual abortion she was experience a collectionRead MoreEssay on Abortion: Women Must Have Freedom of Choice! 993 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Abortion is never an easy decision, but women have been making that choice for thousands of years, for many good reasons. Whenever a society has sought to outlaw abortions, it has only driven them into back alleys, where they became dangerous, expensive and humiliating. Amazingly, this was the case in the United States until 1973, when abortion was legalized nationwide (Chisholm, 2011).† The word abortion alone stirs up many ill feelings and major controversies amongst people. Abortion mayRead MoreEssay on Legality of Abortion1545 Words   |  7 PagesOf all the legal, ethical, and moral issues we Americans continuously fight for or against, abortion may very well be the issue that Americans are most passionate about. The abortion issue is in the forefront of political races. Most recently the â€Å"no taxpayer funding for abortion act†, has abortion advocates reeling. Even though abortion has been legal in every state in the United States since the monumental Supreme Court decision, â€Å"Roe v Wade†, on January 22, 1973; there are fewer physicians willingRead MoreAbortion Thesis Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages Thesis Abortion is a totally unacceptable, cruel and unethical practice and should be considered illegal except under some special cases and medical circumstances that indicate a danger to the mother. Our judicial system must consider the ethical and moral aspects of abortion as an intrinsic part of the problem when approaching this social issue. The recent banning of the partial birth abortion is a huge stride in the positive direction. Introduction Abortion is the one ofRead MoreAbortion, Pro And Pro Choice2135 Words   |  9 PagesThere Are Three Sides to the Abortion Issue: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, Pro- Somewhere in the Middle Abortion divides many Americans, it is one of the many controversial issue in today’s society. There are two major viewpoints that receive the most attention. One point of view is pro-life which is the belief women should not abort a human life. On the other side, is pro-choice which is the belief women may decide whether to carry a baby to full term or abort it. Abortion is known as the act of removingRead MoreAbortion Is The Termination Of A Pregnancy After, Accompanied1435 Words   |  6 PagesAbortion is the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the embryo or fetus. People have used the negative psychological effects of abortion as a basis to either promote or discourage abortion; making it one of the most highly debated topics for years. Many studies argue that abortion can lead to serious mental illness as people have disclosed effects ranging from depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, substan ce abuse, sexualRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Nursing1944 Words   |  8 PagesEthical issues in nursing will always be an ongoing learning process. Nurses are taught in nursing school what should be done and how. Scenarios are given on tests with one right answer. However, there are situations that nurses may encounter that may have multiple answers and it is hard to choose one. â€Å"Ethical directives are not always clearly evident and people sometimes disagree about what is right and wrong† (Butts Rich, 2016). When an ethical decision is made by a nurse, there must be a logicalRead More The Patient Protection Affordable Care Act is Good for America1718 Words   |  7 Pagesshould be eradicated. This law was implemented to help people acquire affordable health insurance; therefore, it is important to the people whom have preexisting conditions, and the American government is confronting medical legal and ethical issues like elective abortion. President Obama’s intention to provide affordable health insurance for all U.S. citizens is a noble act. However, there are mixed reactions in reference to this law in part of the citizens provided that the information from the media

Stress and Play on the Brain - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2825 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Stress Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Stress is a state of mind characterized by restlessness, anxiety, and worry (Greenberg, 2017). Stress has numerous effects on the human brain and the effects are both short and long term. The effects also depend on the magnitude and the type of the stress. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stress and Play on the Brain" essay for you Create order On the other hand, play also represents an important role in the development of the human brain, as it involves muscle relaxation, and mood regulation. For this reason, this will attempt to explain the positive and negative effects of stress and play on the human brain from infancy to adulthood using existing psychological theories. Stress The study of the relationship between stress and brain development is a subject that captures the attention of many people. People such as Sigmund Freud have incisive literature that explains discursively the impact of stress on the brain (Greenberg, 2017). However, before going into the details, it is important to mention that the term stress is relative in the sense it could be mild or chronic depending on the impact on an individual. In addition, it is worth mentioning that stress affects both the brain and the physical body. In this paper I will try to illustrate the impact of stress on the brain and the physical body. Sigmund Freud is among the first people to study the impact of stress of on the brain and human health. He examined Anna O, a woman who was suffering from hysterical signs that were related to the heinous sexual harassment scenes she had witnessed in her life (Contrada Baum, 2012). The exposure to traumatic experiences in her childhood affected her brain and made her uneasy, more anxious, and restless most of the time. While examining her, Freud found out that she was suffering from the effects of traumatic stress because of her exposure to sexual harassment as a child. Studies in human beings and animals show that stress has immense impact on the brain development especially during infancy. Children feel the strongest impact of stress in relation to adults. This explains the reason children show heightened sensitivity to the things that happen around them than adults do in life (Greenberg, 2017). The changes they show come from the fact that the stress they experience from their environment affects their brain and molds behavior. During infancy, children undergo immense changes in their body structures; as a result, they feel stress no matter how mild it is. In human beings, adults, and children, stress functions by triggering the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. This leads to the production of glucocorticoids in the adrenals. The effect of the production of steroids in the brain is that expression of their receptors is even across the brain (Contrada Baum, 2012). As a result, they always act as factors for transcription affecting the expression of genes and other biological factors in a child. Therefore, it is important to minimize a childs stress because too much stress does not only affect their brain development but it also affects gene expression, which is an important biological process in the development of humans. Therefore, when studying the effects of stress on brain development, the different stages, prenatal, infancy, puberty, adulthood, and old age are critical. Prenatal Stress In animal and human studies, early exposure to stress leads to the programming effect on the brain and (HPA) axis. This happens in many ways. The first method of causing stress at the prenatal stage is by exposing expectant mothers to stress. In such a case, more the body reacts by secreting more maternal glucocorticoid that pass through the placenta to the unborn child. This leads to the modification of the brain and increase HPA axis activity in the fetus. Scientific findings argue that Glucocorticoids are important components of the body that help in brain maturation (Contrada Baum, 2012). However, exposing the fetus to the excess of glucocorticoids affects or impairs their normal brain development. This is the reason it is important to keep pregnant women free from stress for both their health and the development of the babies they carry in their wombs. The stress experienced by a pregnant woman infiltrates into the child though the placenta in the form of Glucocorticoids. Glucocorticoids are vital for normal brain development and maturation in myriad ways. First, they help with remodeling dendrites and axons. Second, they are important because they help trigger terminal maturation. Third, glucocorticoids play a crucial role in cell survival. For example, when the supply glucocorticoids is insufficient or in excess, the brain cannot go through the developmental processes mentioned above (Levine Munsch, 2011). It is important for the body to maintain an optimum supply of glucocorticoids to initiate normal brain development and maturation. Increased stress on expectant mothers produces glucocorticoids in excess, which leads to reduced glucocorticoid receptors and mineralocorticoid receptors in the hippocampus. This affects gene transcription and normal child development. Postnatal Stress Postnatal stress is evident among infants. Unlike in the prenatal stage, postnatal stress does not pass through the mother to the children; the infants experience it by themselves. Their bodies react to the stressors individually (Levine Munsch, 2011). However, because the brains of the infant are still undergoing maturation and development, the impact can be adverse depending its magnitude. Studies indicate that children who spend most of their early days out of home because of a working mother have increased levels of glucocorticoids than those who spend their postnatal days with their biological parents (Levine Munsch, 2011). Research also indicates that the levels of glucocorticoids are higher in infants who spend the full-day away-from-home day care than those in pre-school. Arguably, therefore, maternal separation among infants increases the levels of glucocorticoids, which affects the normal brain development of a child as discussed above. The interaction between parents and children also play an important role and influence HPA axis activities. In the first years of a childs development, the state of HPA system is often labile, but sensitive parenting has the effects of increasing or sustaining it for prolonged spells (Levine Munsch, 2011). Maternal depression, however, has the tendency of affecting the levels of HPA activity, thus leading to increased production of glucocorticoids which affect the normal development and growth of the brain among infants. Stress in Adolescence The adolescence stage is a critical level of human development. It serves as a transitional stage and takes one from childhood into adulthood. During this stage, the bodies of both boys and girls go through robust hormonal and physical changes. For this reason, the HPA axis activity and the levels of glucocorticoids are often higher compared to the childhood stages stated above (Broome Llewelyn, 2015). As the body changes, the brain also changes among both boys and girls as they are initiated into adulthood. People in this stage are sensitive to stress and stressors. At this stage, the hippocampus is mature, but the amygdala and the frontal cortex are still developing. In human beings, the hippocampus matures by the time an individual is about two to three years old. A comparative study between the development of hippocampus between human beings and rodents indicate adolescents rats continue with the development of the hippocampus, which is not the case with humans (Broome Llewelyn , 2015). Therefore, during adolescence, stress affects two main parts of the brain, the amygdala, and cortex, which are also vital organs. Studies shows that elevated levels of stress and increased production of glucocorticoids affects the normal development of the cortex and the amygdala. During this stage people start to experience the longtime effects of early exposure to stress. For example, adolescents who grew up in stressful environments characterized by economic hardships, abusive parents, neglects, and other stressor have heightened baseline glucocorticoids (Broome Llewelyn, 2015). On the other hand, adolescents who grew up in stress free homes with sufficient supply of basic needs, and caring parents, among other things have reduced levels of baseline glucocorticoids. For this reason, if one takes an adolescent who grew up in stressful environment for PTSD diagnosis, the likelihood that they will show reduced brain volume is often higher than in those who grew with minimal stress (Oxington, 2015). For this reason, one could argue that one of the long-term effects of stress on adolescents is reducing the volume of their brain among other things. Other effects of stress on adolescent brains include alteration of the volume of the grey matter and reduction of s ize or volume of anterior cingulate cortex. For this reason, the most affected region of the brain because of stress during adolescence is often the frontal cortex because it continues to develop at this stage of life. Stress in Adulthood In adulthood, the effect of stress produces a U-shaped curve of the relationship between cognitive performance and glucocorticoids levels (Oxington, 2015). At this stage, effects of stress are more pronounced and evident through things such as reduced self-esteem and other things such as elevated basal glucocorticoid. Like in adolescence, adults who grew up in stressful environments begin to continue feeling the long-term impacts of early exposure. Stressed adults mostly test positive when diagnosed for PTSD. Other effects of stress on adults include things such as hyper-activity of HPA axis. Stress and Physical Development Other than the effects on the brain mentioned above, stress is also responsible for several physical changes that occur in the human body. The first impact of stress is obesity. Stressed people tend to eat a lot of food, a condition that is normally referred to as stressful overeating. This is because when one is anxious, the stomach reacts by producing more gastric and peptic acids that burn the walls of the stomach hence leading to increased hunger pangs even if one is not hungry (Oxington, 2015). For this reason, they tend to eat more calories that build up in the body leading to overweight and obese bodies. Depending on an individual, stress could also lead to malnutrition and starvation. Some people lack appetite for food when under chronic stress, deprives them essential vitamins and nutrients for healthy living. Positive impact of Stress Even though stress is not healthy for brain development, mild stress can push one towards achievement of goals and objectives (Oxington, 2015). For example, when a student is worried about the forthcoming exams, they read their notes and do research in preparation for the exams. Eventually, they find themselves passing the classes because of the anxiety that they had before the exam. People are also driven to success by stressors such as the need to pay bills, the responsibility to fend for the family, and fulfill other financial needs. Stress Management Stress management is the art of getting control of the stressors to ensure that it does not lead to chronic levels (Oxington, 2015). People with effective stress management skills come out of stressful situations without getting hurt. Effective stress management entails understanding and manipulating the stressors to ones own advantage. For example, one of the most effective ways dealing with stressors is avoidance, which refers to keeping away from anything that is likely to cause stress (Oxington, 2015). When one senses that the argument they are having is likely to escalate into a quarrel, they can avoid stress by leaving it. Alternatively, avoid any form of arguments in future life. This helps in ensuring that one protects themselves from fatal outcomes of stress. Another effective stress management skill is confrontation of the problem. This entails one facing and dealing with the stressor such as asking for forgiveness and seeking reconciliation after a fight. Dealing with the problem helps with stopping the recurrence of the stressor. Play Like stress, play also represents a crucial role in developing the brain of human beings. However, even though play is healthy for human brain development, too much of it can be destructive in many different ways (Frost, Wortham, Reifel, 2012). Brain development in human beings depends largely on activities that people do. When children play, they are able to stimulate hormonal process that initiate growth, replication, and differentiation of brain cells hence bringing about important changes not only on the structure of the brain, but also the quality of its function. For this reason, parents should encourage their children to play more in their childhood to make brain development a smooth process. In children, play is not always about having fun and enjoyment; it is a process that brings about key changes in their ability to relate with the environment, develop their brain, intellect, and body. Studies suggest the predominant method of learning among children through experiment (Hughes, 2010). Children experiment in many ways. During the early stages of life, they mostly rely of their senses of taste, touch, and hearing. For example, between 6 months and 2 years, most children will want to experience their world by touching almost everything that they come across, tasting, and listening to voices around them. Between 3 and 9 months, the brain has neurons that are never used in a persons life. For this reason, it is always important that brain gets rid of such neurons to create enough room for the most useful ones (Hughes, 2010). One of the effects of play in the brain of a child between these ages is that it releases such neurons by generating ones that are more useful. Physical movements and excitement by children when playing have the effect of stimulating specific growth hormones in the brain, to release fresh neurons and get rid of useless ones. At early stage, the brain cells for various sensory activities start developing as the child moves around interacting with different things in their environment. For example, between the first and the fourth month, playing with objects in the hands helps in the development of the sensory nerves and neurons for sight (Hughes, 2010). As these aspects develop in an infant, cells replicate allowing the brain to remove all the neurons that are not required. Constant interactions with an infant helps with the development of the childs memory, as they remember the experiences they have with the caregiver and the different objects of play. Other than indoor play, a child also needs interactive activities with the outside world. Children learn more from the outside world that help with developing their hearing sensory nerves, motor skills, among other important things in their development. For instance, while playing outside, children are introduced to different sounds and voices. As they hear these voices and try to differentiate them, the brain triggers the development of neurons and nerves used for hearing (Hughes, 2010). In the process, the brain replaces useless neurons with important ones to reinforce the sense of hearing, which is one of the important senses in human life. Outside play also plays an important role in developing the part of the brain responsible for smelling objects. While playing outside, children interact with different smells in the environment; some of the smells are bad while others are good (Stiles, 2008). This allows the child to differentiate the two smells, the good scents, and the odor. In the process of smelling different things from the outside, the brain develops neurons and nerves for developing a strong sense of smell in the infant. Therefore, it is important for the child to play outside for them to develop the sense of smell. Between 10 months and 1 year, a child begins to experience different forms of stress and anxiety (Coch, 2010). As discussed in the earlier, stress has an effect of affecting the HPA axis activities, which depending on their levels can affect the brain development in an infant. During this stage, play helps deal with the different types of stress and anxiety, fear, and irritability. This helps in developing the brain structures of a child such as hippocampus, which only develop until when a child is about two to three years of age. Play is important in shaping the development of a childs brain as a whole. Conclusion Stress affects the development of the brain in all stages of life, while constructive play helps develop the brain of human beings starting from the early stages of life to adulthood. Play is not only important for children, but also for adults, and adolescents because it releases them of the negative impacts of stress such as anxiety, fear, and irritability, which have adverse impact on the development of the brain at all stages of human life. References Broome, A., Llewelyn, S. P. (2015). Health psychology: Process and applications. London: Chapman Hall. Coch, D. (2010). Human behavior, learning, and the developing brain: Atypical development. New York: Guilford. Contrada, R., Baum, A. (2012). The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Frost, J. L., Wortham, S. C., Reifel, R. S. (2012). Play and child development. Boston: Pearson. Greenberg, M. (2017). The stress-proof brain: Master your emotional response to stress using mindfulness and neuroplasticity. Hughes, F. P. (2010). Children, play, and development. Los Angeles: Sage. Levine, L. E., Munsch, J. (2011). Child development: An active learning approach. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE. Oxington, K. V. (2015). Psychology of stress. New York: Nova Biomedical Books. Stiles, J. (2008). The fundamentals of brain development: Integrating nature and nurture. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.

Analysis Of The Poem The Waste Land Essay - 1714 Words

Envoking T.S. Eliot’s poem â€Å"The Waste Land†, the â€Å"Valley of Ashes† depicted in The Great Gatsby serves a multitude of symbolic functions. It primarily provides significant contrast to East and West Egg. This contrast is not simplistic, as Fitzgerald guides the reader into understanding that the areas are inextricably linked in terms of the American dream and moral corruption. Furthermore, the Valley of Ashes is a physical manifestation of the theme of death and mortality constantly being threaded throughout the novel. The symbolic importance the language of the valley holds and the events that transpire there provide insight into Fitzgerald’s intentions for the novel’s theme and moral critique of society. The Valley of Ashes serves as literal and symbolic contrast to East Egg and West Egg. Nick describes East Egg and West Egg as home of the wealthy and the â€Å"well-to-do people† (6). During Nick’s stay in West Egg, Nick des cribes Gatsby’s extravagant parties, using vivid imagery that plays to the reader’s senses. For example, at Gatsby’s house party, Nick states, â€Å"The air is alive with chatter and laughter,† and â€Å"The lights grow brighter as the earth lurches away from the sun, and now the orchestra is playing yellow cocktail music. Laughter is easier minute by minute†¦tipped out at a cheerful word† (34). The use of positive diction including â€Å"cheerful,† â€Å"alive† and â€Å"brighter,† creates a blissful atmosphere, which contrasts the dreary tone in the Valley of Ashes. However, theseShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Poem The Waste Land 891 Words   |  4 PagesThe first lines of T.S. Eliot’s poem, The Waste Land, proclaim, â€Å"April is the cruelest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing Memory and desire, stirring Dull roots with spring rain† (lines 1-4). 1-4) This stanzaese ilines invokes a strange mix of hopeful images, layered with words of despair.veiled beneath words of despair . Many would agree there is a clear feeling of hopelessness throughout the poem; however, through poetic allusions to redemption, glimpses of optimism are seenRead MoreAnalysis Of Eliot s Poem The Waste Land 1401 Words   |  6 Pagesboth the United States and England, is the twentieth century s touchstone author. Thomas had a problem with religion, as noted by his poem â€Å"Journey of the Magi,† and eventually converted from Anglicanism (â€Å"T. S. Eliot: His Religion, His Poetry, His Roles†). First published in 1922, T.S. Eliot s poem The Waste Land is a major work of modern literature. His poem is written in the aftermath of the First World War, and it describes the disorganization and collapse of the society. One major theme thatRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Waste Land By T.s. Eliot819 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Waste land,â₠¬  by T.S. Eliot, is a complex masterpiece with many incredible symbolic relationships occurs throughout the entirety of the poem. Eliot uses reliable comparisons between life and death, to depict how the seasons change within a given year. His simple yet extreme changes and exaggerations of ever so slight changes between months can help explain the tightly knitted connection we have, and what links the earth and seasons together. At times, the earth can be dismal, harsh and even consideredRead MoreAnalysis of The Waste Land by T. S. Eliot1571 Words   |  7 PagesEliot’s â€Å"heap of broken images† eagerly embraces its fragmented and alienated (post)modern counterpart. The message this phrase bears, resonates throughout the entire poem: from its title, â€Å"The Waste Land†, to its final mantra â€Å"Shantih shantih shantih†. All words, phrases and sentences (or just simply images) which make up this poem seem to, in Levi-Strauss’ words, à ¢â‚¬Å"be a valeur symbolique zero [and the signifier] can take on any value required †, meaning that the images Eliot uses do not have oneRead MoreI Am A New Writer1406 Words   |  6 Pages but about to convincing essays with strong evidence and analysis. I finally understood the title of this class – Intro to Writing and Rhetoric. I started to doubt my question that whether I am a new writer, because this class redefined my understanding of the term â€Å"writing† and â€Å"writer†. The reading material â€Å"The Waste Land† is different from anything I read previously. I’ve read poems for few times before, and the importance of the poem seemed to be overwhelming to me. The first thing I did wasRead MoreAnalysis of the Symbolic Journey in Weirs Way Back and Eliots Waste Land963 Words   |  4 PagesAn Analysis of the Symbolic Journey in Weirs Way Back and Eliots Waste Land Aside from the obvious symbols of water and fire, birth and purification, in T. S. Eliots The Waste Land, there is the overall symbol of journey first implied in the opening stanza: Marie, hold on tight. And down we went. Peter Weirs film The Way Back may also be described as a work at the center of which is a symbolic journey. While Weirs film recounts the survival of a group of escapees from the Soviet GulagRead MoreEssay about Modernism in T.s. Eliotss the Wasteland885 Words   |  4 Pagescontaining complex, and often contradictory, allusions, multiple points of view and other poetic devices that broke from the forms in Victorian and Romantic writing, as can be seen in T.S. Eliots The Waste Land (Levanson). The varied perspectives or lack of a central, continuous speaker uproots The Waste Land from previous forms of poetry; however, it is not simply for the sake of being avant-garde, but to espouse the modernist philosophy, which posits the absence of an Absolute and requires the interpretationRead More Waste Land Essay: Journey Through The Waste Land1542 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   T. S. Eliot drafted The Waste Land during a trip to Lausanne, Switzerland to consult a psychologist for what he described as mild case of nerves. He sent the manuscript to Ezra Pound for editing assistance. Between them the draft was extensively edited and published in 1922. As a modernist poet, Eliot struggled to remove the voice of the author from his work but the work is still a reflection of the author’s interpretation. He paints the picture as he sees it for the readers to view and interpretRead MoreThe Waste Land By. Elliot1775 Words   |  8 PagesIn the Waste Land are seve ral themes, techniques, allusions, and characters that have been stated clearly by T.S. Elliot. However, the poem has also been interpreted differently and similar in certain aspects in the Waste Land by critics such as Cleanth Brooks, Jr. â€Å"The Waste Land: An Analysis†, F.R. Leavis â€Å"[The significance of the Modern Waste Land]†, Robert Langbaum â€Å"The Walking Dead† and Maud Ellmann â€Å"A Sphinx without a Secret.† From these critics is the ability to find key evidences on how eachRead MoreThe Waste Land By Eliot1870 Words   |  8 PagesThe Waste Land, less clear that what we hear is the voice of someone.’ Discuss. In this essay, I am going to argue that in T. S. Eliot’s The Waste Land, we do hear many voices, but they are not the voice of an identifiable person, and that is entirely clear. Furthermore, it is not problematic that the reader is unable to identify a single speaker, as the distance that is created between the poem and the reader is a stylistic choice made by the poet. One of the sole functions of The Waste Land is

Tuskegee Case Study - 1743 Words

Introduction The Tuskegee Syphilis experiment was an unethical scientific study funded by the US Public Health Service that was performed on African American men in Macon County, Alabama that took place from 1932- 1972. The purpose of this experiment was to study the progress of untreated syphilis in African American men; a total of â€Å"600 black men – 399 with syphilis, 201 who did not have the disease.† (U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study at Tuskegee, 2013) The study was conducted under false pretenses, in that the scientist lied to the patients saying they were being treated for â€Å"Bad Blood† while being provided a placebo. In 1945 penicillin was discovered to be an adequate treatment for syphilis, and everyone who could get†¦show more content†¦This provides a guideline that ensures that researchers minimize the amount of risk a study may impose to a participant. When planning a study, it is also important that each of the participants ar e provided with a sense of security and not placed at a disadvantage. When participants enter into a study, a level of trust is established, and their identities and the information they provide must be protected and never be used against them or exploited for any reason. Respect for human dignity includes two rights; the right to self-determination and the right to full disclosure. When conducting a research study these two rights must be maintained to ensure that the participants are not coerced into participation and that they are making the choice of their own free will. Patients must be provided with all the information necessary to make an informed decision and voluntarily participate. No deception or concealed data collection can be done because it will violate the patients’ rights. Justice represents two rights; the right to fair treatment and the right to privacy. The right to fair treatment consists of being treated in a nonjudgmental, nonprejudiced manner and with respect. Those that do not complete the experiment cannot be denied treatment that may be established from the information gathered, nor can they be denied treatment if they seek outside treatment. The right to privacy provides limits that â€Å"their research is not more intrusive than it needs to be, thatShow MoreRelatedRacism and Research the Tuskegee Syphilis Study Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study | | This essay examines the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, wherein for 40 years (1932-1972) hundreds of black men suffering from advanced syphilis were studied but not treated. The 40-year study was controversial for reasons related to ethical standards; primarily because researchers knowingly failed to treat patients appropriately after the 1940s validation of penicillin as an effective cure for the disease they were studying. To explore the role of the racismRead MoreEthical Issues in Modern Medicine1094 Words   |  4 Pagessyphilis experiment and the Tuskegee experiment both were two unique experiments. Recently, the United States apologized last year for the experiment, done in Tuskegee which was meant to test the drug penicillin. However, Two years before that, Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius made an apology for the experiment conducted in Guatemala. With that said, the researcher rejects the case that a utilitarian could make the case that the Guatemalan syphil is study was more ethically defensibleRead MoreThe Tuskegee s Tuskegee Experiment986 Words   |  4 Pages The Tuskegee Experiment, is one of the most well known blunders of United States medical research in the 20th century. Not only was it entirely unethical and inhumane, but it also highlighted the problems of racism and inequality in the medical world and the entire country at that time. By examining and reviewing the history, consequences, racism, results, and conclusion of the Tuskegee Experiment, it can perhaps shed some light on the barbaric events that transpired throughout the research. AsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Tuskegee Experiment898 Words   |  4 PagesPrevention, the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment was conducted in 1932 by the Public Health, which included 600 black men as their test subjects. Of the 600 men, 399 had syphilis and 201 didn’t (CDC). The men were told that they were being treated for â€Å"Bad Blood† and didn’t have any knowledge of being included in a study (CDC). In exchange for their services, researchers offered the men free medical exams, burial insurance, and free meals (CDC). The study was called â€Å" The Tuskegee Study of Untreated SyphilisRead MoreTuskegee : Turmoil And Torture1733 Words   |  7 Pages12/12/2015 Tuskegee: Turmoil and Torture The Tuskegee study is one of the most useful situations when examining ethical decisions in science. Most useful because of the unethical decisions made and the justifications for them. The study spanned several decades and many decisions throughout can be examined with an ethical approach. The Tuskegee study was focused on patients who had contracted the disease syphilis. Syphilis at the time may have been the perfect enabler of this ethical case. SyphilisRead MoreRacism And Research : The Tuskegee Syphilis Study1294 Words   |  6 PagesRacism and Research: the Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study In the article Racism and Research: the Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, by Allen M. Brandt, he discusses a few mains point. The main points of the article is Racism and Medical Opinions, the origins of the experiment, how they selected the subjects, and the HEW final report. In the first point, Racism and Medical Opinions, many of the scientist believed that even with all the â€Å"education or philanthropy† the black Americans can’t beRead MoreDeadly Deception Documentary Film1145 Words   |  5 PagesShould people be given the right to informed consent if the research could result in possible harm? Is human experimentation in light of the Tuskegee study justified? These are just some of the questions that arose during the presentation of the film Deadly Deception. This film featured the government sponsored Tuskegee experiment and documents this forty year study of untreated syphilis in the black males of Macon County, Alabama. This review will examine the film Deadly Deception in light of the appropriatenessRead MoreEthical Principles Of The Tuskegee Study1665 Words   |  7 PagesEthical principles were established to help protect the human population from being unlawfully treated when involved in any type of treatment, research study, or medical decision-making. Miss Evers’ Boys provide examples, to how ethical principles were neglected to be used throughout the study. The Tuskegee study lasted a brutal 40 years and ethical principles where pushed aside, to obtain the evolution of syphilis in African American males. Anyone who is involved in some type of medical treatmentRead MoreThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study Is Still Alive1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tuskegee Syphilis Study is Still Alive Cells that live and multiply forever were harvested and cultured from a black woman named Henrietta Lacks. 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Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-nine Free Essays

THE EVENTS THAT FOLLOWED were a blur. Sonya might have kept spirit’s touch at bay, but it didn’t matter. I was still in shock, still unable to think. We will write a custom essay sample on Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-nine or any similar topic only for you Order Now They put me in the front seat, as far from Victor as possible. Dimitri drove us somewhere–I didn’t pay much attention–where he and Sonya disposed of the body. They didn’t say what they did, only that it was â€Å"taken care of.’ I didn’t ask for details. After that, we were back and headed toward Court. Sonya and Dimitri tossed around options on what to do when we got there. Seeing as no one had yet cleared my name, the current plan was that Sonya would have to escort Jill into Court. Jill asked if she could call her parents to let them know she was okay, but Dimitri felt that was a security risk. Sonya said she’d try to reach Emily in a dream, which made Jill feel a little better. I coped during the drive by checking in on Lissa. Focusing on her took me away from the horrible guilt and emptiness I felt, the horror at what I’d done to Victor. When I was with Lissa, I wasn’t me, and just then, that was my greatest desire. I didn’t want to be me. But things weren’t perfect for her either. Like always, a number of issues were weighing her down. She felt close–so, so close–to unraveling who had killed Tatiana. The answer seemed within her grasp, if only she could reach just a little farther. The guardians had dragged Joe the janitor in, and after a fair amount of coercion–they had methods that didn’t require magical compulsion–he’d admitted to having seen the twisted-handed Moroi in my building on the night of the murder. No amount of pushing would get Joe to admit he had been paid off–by either the man or Daniella. The most he’d admit was that he might have been â€Å"a little off’ in his times that night. It was by no means hard evidence to save me. Lissa had Ambrose’s letter too, which had subtly threatened Tatiana. The writer had opposed the age law for being soft, disapproved of Tatiana’s endorsement of spirit, and resented the secret training sessions. The letter might have been perfectly polite, but whoever penned it had had a serious grudge against the queen. That supported the political motive theories. Of course, there were still lots of personal motives for the murder too. The sordid mess with Ambrose, Blake, and the women involved pegged any of them as the murderer. Daniella Ivashkov being on that list was a constant point of stress for Lissa, and she dared not breathe a word to Adrian. The saving grace there was that Daniella’s bribery had been to get Adrian out of trouble–not solidify my guilt. The unknown Moroi had funded that bribe. Surely, if she had killed Tatiana, Daniella would have paid for both of Joe’s lies. And of course, there was the last test pressing against Lissa’s mind. The riddle. The riddle that seemed to have so many answers–and yet, none at all.What must a queen possess in order to truly rule her people? In some ways, it was more difficult than the other tests. Those had had a hands-on component, so to speak. This? This was her own intellect. No fire to build. No fear to look in the eye. She hated that she took the riddle so seriously too. She didn’t need its stress, not with everything else going on. Life would have been simpler if she’d kept treating the trials simply as a scam to buy us time. The Court was continually swelling with those who had come to see the election, and more and more of them–much to her disbelief–were throwing their support behind her. She could hardly walk anywhere without people calling out about â€Å"the Dragon’ or â€Å"Alexandra reborn.’ Word of her attack had gotten out too, which seemed to have fueled her supporters even more. But, of course, Lissa still had plenty of opposition. The biggest case against her was the same old legal one: that she wouldn’t be eligible for votes when the time came. Another mark against her was her age. She was too young, her opponents said. Who would want a child on the throne? But Lissa’s admirers wouldn’t hear any of it. They kept citing young Alexandra’s rule and the miracles Lissa had wrought with her healing. Age was irrelevant. The Moroi needed young blood, they cried. They also demanded the voting laws be changed. Unsurprisingly, her opponents also kept bringing up the fact that she was tied to a queen-killing murderer. I’d have thought that would have been the biggest issue in her candidacy, but she’d been so convincing about how I’d shocked and betrayed her that many felt her being queen would actually right the wrong I’d committed. She’d used bits of compulsion whenever the topic came up, which also went a long way in making others think she was now completely dissociated from me. â€Å"I’m so tired of this,’ Lissa told Christian, back in her room. She’d sought escape there and was lying on her bed in his arms. My mom was there, on guard. â€Å"This queen thing was a horrible idea.’ Christian stroked her hair. â€Å"It’s not. Abe said the election will be delayed because of the uproar. And no matter how much you complain, I know you’re proud you made it this far.’ It was true. The chalice test had cut the nominees in half. Only five remained. Ariana Szelsky was one of them, as was Daniella’s cousin, Rufus Tarus. Lissa was the third, with Marcus Lazar and Marie Conta rounding out the group. Ronald Ozera hadn’t made it through. My mother spoke up. â€Å"I’ve never seen anything like this–it’s incredible how much support you’re getting. The Council and other royals are under no obligations to change the law. But the mob’s loud †¦ and gaining the love of â€Å"commoners’ could benefit certain royals. Standing by your claim to run would certainly reflect well on a couple families that are out of favor. What’s holding them back is the thought that you might actually win. So they’ll just keep arguing and arguing.’ Lissa stiffened. â€Å"Winning †¦ that’s not really possible, is it? Ariana’s got it sealed †¦ right?’ Winning had never been a part of this crazy plan, and now, with so few candidates, the pressure was even greater to get Ariana on the throne. As far as Lissa was concerned, the other candidates showed no promise of improving Moroi life. Ariana had to win. â€Å"I’d say so,’ said Janine. There was pride in her voice, seeing how close she was to the Szelsky family. â€Å"Ariana’s brilliant and competent, and most people know it. She’d treat dhampirs fairly–more so than some of the other candidates. She’s already spoken about reversing the age law.’ The thought of worse laws oppressing the dhampirs made Lissa’s stomach sink. â€Å"God, I hope she wins. We can’t have anything else go wrong.’ A knock at the door snapped my mom into full guardian mode until Lissa said, â€Å"It’s Adrian.’ â€Å"Well,’ muttered Christian, â€Å"at least his timing’s better than usual.’ Sure enough, my boyfriend entered, wreathed in his now usual scent of smoke and liquor. True, his vices were the least of my concerns, but it kept bugging me that he needed me to be there in person to enforce his good behavior. It reminded me of when he said I was his strength. â€Å"Get up, guys,’ he said. He looked very pleased with himself. â€Å"We’ve got a visit to pay.’ Lissa sat up, puzzled. â€Å"What are you talking about?’ â€Å"I am not hanging out with Blake Lazar again,’ warned Christian. â€Å"You and me both,’ said Adrian. â€Å"I’ve got someone better. And more attractive. Remember how you were wondering how close Serena was to Grant? Well, looks like you can ask her yourself. I found her. And yes, you’re welcome.’ A frown crossed my mother’s face. â€Å"Last I heard, Serena had been sent away to teach at a school. One on the east coast, I think.’ After the Strigoi attack that had killed Grant and several others, the guardians had decided to pull Serena from active bodyguard duty for a while. She’d been the only guardian to survive. â€Å"She is, but since it’s summer, they brought her back to help with election crowd control. She’s working the front gates.’ Lissa and Christian exchanged looks. â€Å"We have to talk to her,’ said Lissa excitedly. â€Å"She might have known who Grant was secretly teaching.’ â€Å"That doesn’t mean one of them killed Tatiana,’ warned my mother. Lissa nodded. â€Å"No, but there’s a connection, if Ambrose’s letter is right. She’s there now? At the gates?’ â€Å"Yup,’ said Adrian. â€Å"And we probably don’t even need to buy her a drink.’ â€Å"Then let’s go.’ Lissa stood and reached for her shoes. â€Å"Are you sure?’ asked Christian. â€Å"You know what’s waiting out there.’ Lissa hesitated. It was late at â€Å"night’ for Moroi, but that didn’t mean everyone was in bed–especially at the gates, which was always jam-packed with people lately. Clearing my name was too important, Lissa decided. â€Å"Yeah. Let’s do it.’ With my mother leading the way, my friends made their way to the Court’s entrance. (The â€Å"door’ that Abe had made had been patched up.) The Court was surrounded in high, multicolored stone walls that helped further the human image that this was actually an elite school. Wrought iron gates at the entrance stood open, but a group of guardians blocked the road leading into Court grounds. Normally, only two guardians would have manned the booth at the gate. The extra numbers were both for greater interrogation of cars and for crowd control. Spectators lined the road’s sides, watching the arriving cars as though they were at a red carpet premiere. Janine knew a roundabout way that avoided some people–but not all. â€Å"Don’t cringe,’ Christian told Lissa as they passed a particularly vocal group, which had noticed her. â€Å"You’re a queenly nominee. Act like it. You deserve this. You’re the last Dragomir. A daughter of royalty.’ Lissa gave him a brief, astonished look, surprised to hear the fierceness in his voice– and that he clearly believed his words. Straightening up, she turned toward her fans, smiling and waving back, which excited them that much more. Take this seriously, she reminded herself. Don’t disgrace our history. In the end, getting through the crowd to the gate proved easier than getting time alone with Serena. The guardians were swamped and insisted on keeping Serena for screening, but my mom had a quick conversation with the guardian in charge. She reminded him of Lissa’s importance and offered to stand in for Serena for a few minutes. Serena had long since healed from the Strigoi attack. She was my age, blond-haired and pretty. She was clearly surprised to see her former charge. â€Å"Princess,’ she said, maintaining formalities. â€Å"How can I help you?’ Lissa pulled Serena away from the cluster of guardians speaking to the Moroi drivers lined up at the gate. â€Å"You can call me Lissa. You know that. You taught me to stab pillows, after all.’ Serena gave her a small smile. â€Å"Things have changed. You might be our next queen.’ Lissa grimaced. â€Å"Unlikely.’ Especially since I have no clue how to solve that riddle, she thought. â€Å"But I do need your help. You and Grant spent a lot of time together †¦ did he ever mention training Moroi for Tatiana? Like, secret combat sessions?’ Serena’s face gave the answer away, and she averted her eyes. â€Å"I’m not supposed to talk about that. He wasn’t even supposed to tell me.’ Lissa gripped the young guardian’s arm in excitement, making Serena flinch. â€Å"You have to tell me what you know. Anything. Who he was training †¦ how they felt about it †¦ who was successful. Anything.’ Serena paled. â€Å"I can’t,’ she whispered. â€Å"It was done in secret. On the queen’s orders.’ â€Å"My aunt’s dead,’ said Adrian bluntly. â€Å"And you said yourself you might be talking to the future queen.’ This earned a glare from Lissa. Serena hesitated, then took a deep breath. â€Å"I can pull together a list of names. I might not remember all of them, though. And I have no clue how well they were doing–only that a lot resented it. Grant felt like Tatiana had purposely picked those most unwilling.’ Lissa squeezed her hand. â€Å"Thank you. Thank you so much.’ Serena still looked pained at giving up the secret information. They come first didn’t always work when your loyalties were split. â€Å"I’ll have to get it to you later, though. They need me here.’ Serena returned to her post, bringing my mother back to Lissa. As for me, I returned to my own reality in the car, which had come to a stop. I blinked to clear my eyes and take in our surroundings. Another hotel. We should have had gold member status by now. â€Å"What’s going on?’ â€Å"We’re stopping,’ said Dimitri. â€Å"You need to rest.’ â€Å"No, I don’t. We need to keep going to Court. We need to get Jill there in time for the elections.’ Our initial goal in finding Jill had been to give Lissa voting power. It had since occurred to us that if Lissa running was mucking up the elections, the surprise appearance of her sister would likely create just as much sensation and disbelief. A genetic test would clear up any doubts and give Lissa her voting power, but the initial confusion would buy us more of the time we so badly needed to find the murderer. In spite of the random evidence my friends kept turning up, they still had no substantial theories on a culprit. Dimitri gave me a don’t lie to me look. â€Å"You were just with Lissa. Are the elections actually happening yet?’ â€Å"No,’ I admitted. â€Å"Then you’re getting some rest.’ â€Å"I’m fine,’ I snapped. But those fools wouldn’t listen to me. Checking in was complicated because none of us had a credit card, and it wasn’t the hotel’s policy to take a cash deposit. Sonya compelled the desk clerk into thinking it was their policy, and before long, we had booked two adjoining rooms. â€Å"Let me talk to her alone,’ Dimitri murmured to Sonya. â€Å"I can handle it.’ â€Å"Be careful,’ Sonya warned. â€Å"She’s fragile.’ â€Å"You guys, I’m right here!’ I exclaimed. Sonya took Jill’s arm and guided her into one of the rooms. â€Å"Come on, let’s order room service.’ Dimitri opened the other door and looked at me expectantly. With a sigh, I followed and sat on the bed, my arms crossed. The room was a hundred times nicer than the one in West Virginia. â€Å"Can we order room service?’ He pulled up a chair and sat opposite me, only a couple feet away. â€Å"We need to talk about what happened with Victor.’ â€Å"There’s nothing to talk about,’ I said bleakly. The dark feelings I’d been shoving back during the drive suddenly fell upon me. They smothered me. I felt more claustrophobic than when I’d been in the cell. Guilt was its own prison. â€Å"I really am the murderer everyone says I am. It doesn’t matter that it was Victor. I killed him in cold blood.’ â€Å"That was hardly cold blood.’ â€Å"The hell it wasn’t!’ I cried, feeling tears spring to my eyes. â€Å"The plan was to subdue him and Robert so we could free Jill. Subdue. Victor wasn’t a threat to me. He was an old man, for God’s sake.’ â€Å"He seemed like a threat,’ said Dimitri. His calmness was the counter to my growing hysteria, as usual. â€Å"He was using his magic.’ I shook my head, burying my face in my hands. â€Å"It wasn’t going to kill me. He probably couldn’t have even kept it up much longer. I could have waited it out or escaped. Hell, I did escape! But instead of capturing him, I slammed him against a concrete wall! He was no match for me. An old man. I killed an old man. Yeah, maybe he was a scheming, corrupt old man, but I didn’t want him dead. I wanted him locked up again. I wanted him to spend the rest of his life in prison, living with his crimes. Living, Dimitri.’ It seemed strange that I’d feel this way, considering how much I hated Victor. But it was true: it hadn’t been a fair fight. I’d acted without thinking. My training had always been about defense and striking out against monsters. Honor had never really come up, but suddenly, it meant a lot to me. â€Å"There was no honor in what I did to him.’ â€Å"Sonya said it wasn’t your fault.’ Dimitri’s voice was still gentle, which somehow made me feel worse. I wished he’d chastise me, confirming the guilt I felt. I wanted him to be my critical instructor. â€Å"She said it was a backlash of spirit.’ â€Å"It was†¦ .’ I paused, recalling the haze of that fight as best I could. â€Å"I never really understood what Lissa experienced in her worst moments until then. I just looked at Victor †¦ and I saw everything evil in the world–an evil I had to stop. He was bad, but he didn’t deserve that. He never stood a chance.’ Honor, I kept thinking. What honor is there in that? â€Å"You aren’t listening, Rose. It wasn’t your fault. Spirit’s a powerful magic we barely understand. And its dark edge †¦ well, we know it’s capable of terrible things. Things that can’t be controlled.’ I lifted my eyes to his. â€Å"I should have been stronger than it.’ There it was. The thought behind all my guilt, all these horrible emotions. â€Å"I should have been stronger than it. I was weak.’ Dimitri’s reassuring words didn’t come so quickly. â€Å"You aren’t invincible,’ he said at last. â€Å"No one expects you to be.’ â€Å"I do. What I did †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ I swallowed. â€Å"What I did was unforgivable.’ His eyes widened in shock. â€Å"That †¦ that’s crazy, Rose. You can’t punish yourself for something you had no power over.’ â€Å"Yeah? Then why are you still–‘ I stopped because I’d been about to accuse Dimitri of continuing to punish himself. Except †¦ he no longer was. Did he feel guilt for what he’d done as a Strigoi? I was certain of it. Sonya had admitted as much. But somewhere in this journey, he had taken control of his life again, bit by bit. She’d told me that, but only now did I truly understand. â€Å"When?’ I asked. â€Å"When did it change? When did you realize you could keep living– even after all that guilt?’ â€Å"I’m not sure.’ If the question surprised him, he hid it. His eyes were locked with mine, but they weren’t quite focused on me. The puzzle occupied him. â€Å"In bits, really. When Lissa and Abe first came to me about breaking you out, I was ready to do it because she asked me to. Then, the more I thought about it, the more I realized it was personal too. I couldn’t stand the thought of you locked in a cell, being cut off from the world. It wasn’t right. No one should live like that, and it occurred to me that I was doing the same–by choice. I was cutting myself off from the world with guilt and self-punishment. I had a second chance to live, and I was throwing it away.’ I was still in turmoil, still raging and full of grief, but his story kept me quiet and transfixed. Hearing him pour his heart out was a rare opportunity. â€Å"You heard me talk about this before,’ he continued. â€Å"About my goal to appreciate life’s little details. And the more we continued on our journey, the more I remembered who I was. Not just a fighter. Fighting is easy. It’s why we fight that matters, and in the alley that night with Donovan †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ He shuddered. â€Å"That was the moment I could have crossed over into someone who fights just to senselessly kill–but you pulled me back, Rose. That was the turning point. You saved me †¦ just as Lissa saved me with the stake. I knew then that in order to leave the Strigoi part of me behind, I had to fight through to be what theyaren’t. I had to embrace what they reject: beauty, love, honor.’ Right then, I was two people. One was overjoyed. Hearing him talk like that, realizing he was fighting his demons and close to victory †¦ well, I nearly wept with joy. It was what I’d wanted for him for so long. At the same time, his inspiring words only reminded me how far I’d fallen. My sorrow and self-pity took over again. â€Å"Then you should understand,’ I said bitterly. â€Å"You just said it: honor. It matters. We both know it does. I’ve lost mine. I lost it out there in the parking lot when I killed an innocent.’ â€Å"And I’ve killed hundreds,’ he said flatly. â€Å"People much more innocent than Victor Dashkov.’ â€Å"It’s not the same! You couldn’t help it!’ My feelings exploded to the surface again. â€Å"Why are we repeating the same things over and over?’ â€Å"Because they aren’t sinking in! You couldn’t help it either.’ His patience was cracking. â€Å"Feel guilty. Mourn this. But move on. Don’t let it destroy you. Forgive yourself.’ I leapt to my feet, catching him by surprise. I leaned down, putting us face to face. â€Å"Forgive myself? That’s what you want? You of all people?’ Words seemed to escape him. I think it had to do with my proximity. He managed a nod. â€Å"Then tell me this. You say you moved past the guilt, decided to revel in life and all that. I get it. But have you, in your heart, really forgiven yourself? I told you a long time ago that I forgave you for everything in Siberia, but what about you? Have you done it?’ â€Å"I just said–‘ â€Å"No. It’s not the same. You’re telling me to forgive myself and move on. But you won’t do it yourself. You’re a hypocrite, comrade. We’re either both guilty or both innocent. Pick.’ He rose as well, looking down at me from that lofty height. â€Å"It’s not that simple.’ I crossed my arms over my chest, refusing to be intimidated. â€Å"It is that simple. We’re the same! Even Sonya says we are. We’ve always been the same, and we’re both acting the same stupid way now. We hold ourselves up to a higher standard than everyone else.’ Dimitri frowned. â€Å"I–Sonya? What does she have to do with any of this?’ â€Å"She said our auras match. She said we light up around each other. She says it means you still love me and that we’re in sync, and †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ I sighed and turned away, wandering across the room. â€Å"I don’t know. I shouldn’t have mentioned it. We shouldn’t buy into this aura stuff when it comes from magic users who are already half-insane.’ I reached the window and leaned my forehead against the cool glass, trying to decide what to do. Forgive myself. Could I? A small city sprawled before me, though I’d lost track of where we were. Cars and people moved below, souls out living their lives. I took a deep breath. The image of Victor on the asphalt was going to stay with me for a long, long time. I had done something horrible, even if my intentions were good, but everyone was right: I hadn’t been myself. Did that change what had happened? Would that bring Victor back? No. And honestly, I didn’t know how I would move past what I’d done, how I’d shake the bloody images in my head. I just knew I had to go on. â€Å"If I let this stop me,’ I murmured, â€Å"if I do nothing †¦ then that’s the greater evil. I’ll do more good by surviving. By continuing to fight and protect others.’ â€Å"What are you saying?’ asked Dimitri. â€Å"I’m saying †¦ I forgive myself. That doesn’t make everything perfect, but it’s a start.’ My fingertip traced the line of a tiny crack in the glass’s surface. â€Å"Who knows? Maybe that outburst in the parking lot let out some of the darkness Sonya says is in my aura. Skeptic that I am, I have to give her some points. She was right that I was at a breaking point, that all I needed was a spark.’ â€Å"She was right about something else too,’ Dimitri said after a long pause. My back was to him, but there was a strange quality to his voice that made me turn around. â€Å"What’s that?’ I asked. â€Å"That I do still love you.’ With that one sentence, everything in the universe changed. Time slowed to one heartbeat. The world became his eyes, his voice. This wasn’t happening. It wasn’t real. None of it could be real. It felt like a spirit dream. I resisted the urge to close my eyes and see if I’d wake up moments later. No. No matter how unbelievable it all seemed, this was no dream. This was real. This was life. This was flesh and blood. â€Å"Since †¦ since when?’ I finally managed to ask. â€Å"Since †¦ forever.’ His tone implied the answer was obvious. â€Å"I denied it when I was restored. I had no room for anything in my heart except guilt. I especially felt guilty about you–what I’d done–and I pushed you away. I put up a wall to keep you safe. It worked for a while–until my heart finally started accepting other emotions. And it all came back. Everything I felt for you. It had never left; it was just hidden from me until I was ready. And again †¦ that alley was the turning point. I looked at you †¦ saw your goodness, your hope, and your faith. Those are what make you beautiful. So, so beautiful.’ â€Å"So it wasn’t my hair,’ I said, unsure how I was even capable of making a joke at a time like this. â€Å"No,’ he said gently. â€Å"Your hair was beautiful too. All of you. You were amazing when we first met, and somehow, inexplicably, you’ve come even farther. You’ve always been pure, raw energy, and now you control it. You’re the most amazing woman I’ve ever met, and I’m glad to have had that love for you in my life. I regret losing it.’ He grew pensive. â€Å"I would give anything–anything–in the world to go back and change history. To run into your arms after Lissa brought me back. To have a life with you. It’s too late, of course, but I’ve accepted it.’ â€Å"Why †¦ why is it too late?’ Dimitri’s eyes grew sad. â€Å"Because of Adrian. Because you’ve moved on. No, listen,’ he said, cutting off my protests. â€Å"You were right to do that after how I treated you. And more than anything else, I want you to be happy once we clear your name and get Jill recognized. You said yourself that Adrian makes you happy. You said you love him.’ â€Å"But †¦ you just said you love me. That you want to be with me.’ My words seemed clumsy, unworthy of his eloquence. â€Å"And I told you: I’m not going to pursue another man’s girlfriend. You want to talk honor? There it is in its purest form.’ I walked toward him, each step ramping up the tension around us. Dimitri kept saying the alley was his turning point. For me? It was now. I stood on the precipice of something that would change my life. For the last week, I’d done a very good job of detaching myself from anything romantic with Dimitri. And yet †¦ had I? What was love, really? Flowers, chocolate, and poetry? Or was it something else? Was it being able to finish someone’s jokes? Was it having absolute faith that someone was there at your back? Was it knowing someone so well that they instantly understood why you did the things you did–and shared those same beliefs? All week, I’d claimed my love for Dimitri was fading. In reality, it had been growing more and more. I hadn’t even realized it was happening. I had been re-establishing our old rapport, strengthening the connection. Reaffirming that of all the people in the world–even Lissa–Dimitri was the only one who truly gotme. I’d meant it: I loved Adrian. It was hard to imagine life without him, but my other words at the Mastranos’ had betrayed me: I have fun with him. Now, you should have fun with the one you love, but that shouldn’t have been what first came to mind. I should have said, We strengthen each other. Or, He makes me want to be a better person. Perhaps most importantly: He understands me perfectly. But none of that was true, so I hadn’t said those things. I’d sought Adrian for comfort. His familiarity and humor were an important part of my world. And if he was in danger? I’d throw my life before his, just as I would for Lissa. Yet, I didn’t inspire him, not really. He was trying. He did want to be a better person, but at this moment in his life, his motivations were more about impressing others–about impressing me. It wasn’t for himself. That didn’t make him bad or weak, but it made me his crutch. He would get past that, I was certain. He would eventually come into his own and be an amazing man, but he wasn’t at that point of self-discovery yet. I was. I stood in front of Dimitri now, looking into those dark eyes again, the eyes I loved so much. I placed my hands on his chest, feeling his heart beating strong and steady–and maybe a bit faster than normal. Warmth spread through my fingertips. He reached up and caught hold of my wrists but didn’t push me away. The lines of that gorgeous face looked strained as he fought some inner conflict, but now that I knew–now that I knew for sure–I could see his love for me. Love mingled with desire. It was so, so obvious. â€Å"You should have told me,’ I said. â€Å"You should have told me this a long time ago. I love you. I’ve never stopped loving you. You have to know that.’ His breath caught when I said I love you, and I could see his internal struggle for control become an all-out war. â€Å"It wouldn’t have made any difference. Not with Adrian involved,’ he said. The fingers around my hand tightened slightly as though he really might push me away this time. He didn’t. â€Å"I mean it. I won’t be that guy, Rose. I won’t be that man who takes someone else’s woman. Now, please. Let go. Don’t make this any more difficult.’ I ignored the request. If he’d wanted to get away from me, he could have. I splayed my fingers, touching more of his chest, drinking in the feel of that warm contact I’d missed for so long. â€Å"I don’t belong to him,’ I said in a low voice, pushing close to Dimitri and tilting my head back so that I could see his face clearly. So much emotion, so much conflict as his heart tried to decide right from wrong. Being pressed against him felt like †¦ completion. Sonya had said no couple could share one aura or one soul, but ours weren’t meant to be apart. They fit together like a puzzle, two individuals making something greater than themselves. â€Å"I don’t belong to anyone. I make my own choices.’ â€Å"And you’re with Adrian,’ said Dimitri. â€Å"But I was meant for you.’ And that did it. Any pretense of control or reason either of us possessed melted away. The walls crumbled, and everything we’d been holding back from each other came rushing out. I reached up, pulling us together for a kiss–a kiss he didn’t let go this time. A kiss I didn’t end by punching him. His arms encircled me as he lifted me onto the bed, one hand soon sliding along my hip and down to my leg, already half-bare, thanks to that poor tattered dress. Every nerve in my body lit up, and I felt that desire returned in him–and then some. After a world of death, he seemed to appreciate love more. Not only that, he needed it. He needed life. He needed me–not just physically, but in the same way my heart and soul always cried out for him. What we did then, as our clothes came off and we brought our bodies together became more than just lust–even though there was plenty of that too. Being with him after so long, after everything we’d endured †¦ it was like coming home. Like finally being where–with whom–I belonged. My world, my heart †¦ they’d shattered when I lost him. But as he looked at me, as his lips spoke my name and ran along my skin †¦ I knew those pieces could come back together. And I knew, with absolute certainty, that waiting for this–for my second time having sex–had been the right thing to do. Anyone else, any other time †¦ it would have been wrong. When we finished, it was like we still couldn’t get close enough. We held each other tightly, our limbs entwined, as though maybe closing the distance now would make up for the distance that had been between us for so long. I closed my eyes, my senses flooded with him, and sighed dreamily. â€Å"I’m glad you gave in. I’m glad your self-control isn’t as strong as mine.’ This made him laugh, and I felt it rumble through his chest. â€Å"Roza, my self-control is ten times stronger than yours.’ I opened my eyes, shifting to look into his. I brushed his hair back and smiled, certain my heart would expand and expand until there was nothing left of me. â€Å"Oh yeah? That’s not the impression I just got.’ â€Å"Wait until next time,’ he warned. â€Å"I’ll do things that’ll make you lose control within seconds.’ That comment was just asking for a witty Rose Hathaway quip. It also made my blood burn, which was why we were both surprised when I abruptly said, â€Å"There may not be a next time.’ Dimitri’s hand, tracing the shape of my shoulder, froze. â€Å"What? Why?’ â€Å"We have a couple of things to do before this happens again.’ â€Å"Adrian,’ he guessed. I nodded. â€Å"And that’s my problem, so put your honor-able thoughts aside. I have to face him and answer for this. I will. And you †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ I couldn’t believe what I was about to say. I couldn’t believe I meant it. â€Å"You still have to forgive yourself if we’re going to be together.’ His puzzled expression turned to pain. â€Å"Rose–‘ â€Å"I’m serious.’ I met his eyes unflinchingly. â€Å"You have to forgive yourself. For real. Everyone else has. If you can’t, then you can’t go on either. We can’t.’ It was one of the biggest gambles of my life. Once, I would have run to him without question, ignoring our problems, overjoyed just to be with him. Now †¦ after everything I’d been through, I’d changed. I loved him. I loved him so much, and I wanted him. But it was because of the strength of that love that I had to do this. If were going to be together, we had to do it the right way. Sex had been amazing, but it wasn’t a magical cure for everything. Damn. Somewhere along the way, I’d picked up common sense. I still intended to confront Adrian. And if Dimitri wouldn’t do what I asked, I really would walk away. I’d lose both men, but it was better to be alone with my self-respect than be in the wrong relationship. â€Å"I don’t know,’ Dimitri said at last. â€Å"I don’t know if I can †¦ if I’m ready.’ â€Å"Decide soon then,’ I said. â€Å"You don’t have to right this second, but eventually †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ I didn’t push the topic after that. For now, I would let it go, though I knew he would hold onto it and grasp its importance. I knew I was right to stand by it too. He couldn’t be happy with me if he wasn’t happy with himself. It occurred to me then, as I stood up for myself and what I needed, that our old teacher-student roles were gone forever. Now we really were equals. I rested my head on his chest and felt him relax. We’d bask in this moment, if only for a little longer. Sonya had said we needed â€Å"rest,’ making me think we still had some time here before the ticking clock drove us back to Court. As Dimitri and I continued to keep close to one another, I found myself actually wanting to sleep. I was exhausted from the fight–which, I realized, had taken a very unexpected turn. My guilt and despair over Victor and the explosion of spirit had taken their toll too, no matter the healing locket still around my neck. And yes, I thought with a small smile, I was simply exhausted from what Dimitri and I had just done. It was kind of nice to use my body for something that didn’t result in serious injury for a change. I fell asleep in his embrace, blackness wrapping around me as warmly as his arms. It should have been that simple. It should have been peaceful, happy rest. But as usual, I wasn’t that lucky. A spirit dream pulled me from the enveloping depths of sleep, and for half a second, I thought maybe Robert Doru had come for me to take revenge for his brother’s death. But, no. No vindictive Dashkov. Instead, I found myself staring into a pair of emerald- green eyes. Adrian. How to cite Last Sacrifice Chapter Twenty-nine, Essay examples

Accounting Experience on CFO Financial †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Experience on CFO Financial. Answer: Introduction: The current article is based on the analysis of the article named Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research (Deegan 2013). Wide array of emphasis has been provided on positive accounting where it originally intends to develop a description of human behaviour as illustrated in the framework of accounting instead of focussing on the profit after tax in bookkeeping. The existing study describes the broader positive exploration programme having numerous insufficiencies in actual practice. The study also brings out the inherent difficulties that establish the creation of numerous speculative models. The models describes the unnecessary dependence-taking place following the hypothesis testing and illustrate the improper attention based on the numerical values of parameters. Researcher was engaged in the evolution of the wider intellectual projects by bearing in mind the advantages and disadvantages possessed by positive accounting research. The researcher has also presumed the assignment to be in alignment with the ontology and epistemology as well (Saunders and Cornett 2014). The existing study performs critical assessment of positive accounting having numerous loopholes and restricted in construction of meaningful assistances to the overall research project. The study is aimed providing a brief introduction of the article and critical evaluation of each segment to arrive at conclusion. The study focuses on research hypothesis by describing the value and method together with the literature review. The article is based on the Half a Defence of Positive Accounting Research, the researcher had examined the positive approach in relation with the accounting research. As stated by Weil, Schipper and Francis (2013), the positive accounting research generally associated with other wider intellectual schemes of scientific research since its objective is to examine the cause and effect relationship. Additionally, there are existing deficiencies in positive accounting research that have been highlighted through selection of the given article by giving due considerations to the literature of auditing. Upon analysis, it is found that positive research is also considered when there is an existence of loopholes for attaining the scientific goal following the selection of illustrative paper to fit the objective of this research. The description provided by Kuhn is associated with the positive accounting research. It is noted that the prospect of Kuhn revolution and crisis is adequately mentio ned in order to help in accomplishing the positive accounting and its potential (Edwards 2013). The summary provided in the article portrays the significance of locating the loopholes in order to recommend appropriate suggestion following the end of the study. The researcher describes the appropriate criteria for evidencing the matter by stating that induction cannot alone sufficiently measure the accuracy of the accounting during any period. The current article is based on the falsification of positive accounting theories in its given form (Pratt 2013). Four classes of description are used and the errors are measured based on the internal and external impacts along with the efficiency of the relevant theory. The researcher specifically points out that theory could not be subjective only through observation and therefore it becomes important to select between two or more theories. As noted from the research that conclusive opinions generally falsify the inaccurate theories, which is inherent in the case by supporting the opposing theory. The article aims to provide detail discussion of limitations and logic related with statistical hypothesis testing. It is found that it is a very dilutive version of logic of proper acquisition because every singles test out of 20 can be wrongly dismissed at a degree of 5% significance (Beatty and Liao 2014.). There are similar issues, which is present and is related with the hypothesis testing. It is regarded as statistical distribution of test falling under the heads of null hypothesis depended upon the supplementary assumptions. Even though technical issue is resolved, there is a higher probability of hypothesis being failed. It is only inherent unless single hypothesis testing is taken into considerations. Research Questions or Hypothesis: Research hypothesis assist in evaluating the validity in the areas of positive accounting research. The research hypothesis is as follows; H0: There is a presence of cosmos, which is further than anyones imaginary level H1: Occurrence of events in world have purpose and forms the part of universe H2: Individuals can derive high degree of information with reliable sources concerning the universal events by employing vigilant observation. H3: The objective of intellectual property is make the use of observation to gain worldwide understanding of universe in case of causation To test the first hypothesis construction of different instances of positive research is necessary. The operations of rational self-interest are derived from the interaction with other parties that have expressed their opinion and outcome in assessing positive accounting theories. To test the second hypothesis, the researcher needs to discuss the scientific epistemology and ontology since it depicts that positive accounting research is not similar as in case of accounting research. It is necessary to advocate the events that does not occur randomly or the intervention output particularly from outer world. To test the third hypothesis researcher should discuss the falsification and hypothesis to determine the validity of actions. Additionally the theory requires appropriate evaluation of evidences where preliminary ideas can be created. It is vital to test the new theory in contrast with the observation under the given situation where both old and new theories can make confident expectations. To test the final hypothesis, it is vital to put into use several models that focus on measurement. This represents that mental models can be put into use to map the casual process of occurrence in universe. It is noteworthy for researcher to frame down the hypothesis that can be correctly used in the section of literature review. Numerous theoretical frameworks have been considered so that the purpose of the research can be met. Illustrations of positive accounting research: As stated by Henderson et al. (2015), in different types of business organizations the operations of balanced self-interest occurs amid the parties where the results of positive accounting phenomena is implied with the help of express contract. It also covers the accounting selections where the managers of organizations reports and conduct the decision of pricing on behalf of the auditors. The auditors are regarded as the decision makers by making the use of standards and professional advices to the theoretical practitioners. Determining the type of information will assist the investors in undertaking decisions on investment (Hoskin, Fizzell and Cherry 2014). Such actions generally deduce the behavior of humans, which is rational in nature, and it is not included in the theory of positive accounting. Sufficient instances are provided in the article that locates the loopholes following sufficient evaluation. After sufficient research it is found that accounts setting can take place during the nonexistence of coherent behavior i.e. methods adopted by auditors in making decisions. The managers can make the use of discretion in performance assessment system. There are numerous instances, which help in illustrating the theory of positive research, which is wider than the positive accounting theory (Robson, Young and Power 2017). A research can be of any type that aims to gain an insight concerning the nature and the cause of accounting phenomenon after the scientific research of accounting. As defined by Macve (2015), epistemology is regarded as the scientific field where it targets to explain the numerous approaches to gain insight of the entire world. Conversely, ontology defines the activities along with the association for responding the queries. Primarily human agency is regarded as the socially developed nature since there is a close relation, which states that social earth does not possess objective subsistence. It is devoid of human beings where the activities of participants do not pose any financial rational. It is found that earth cannot be regarded devoid of experience particularly in case of human beings along with the description provided by the participants (Chiwamit, Modell and Scapens 2017). Complexities generally occur from the ontological and epistemological manner where the objective is gain sufficient information on making the accounting phenomenon a fruitful exercise. Problems are related with the positive research since it discovers the experience and meaning that proposes to determine the underlying reasons. Several research areas possess divertive objective and exists during a given period (Reimers 2014). Because of this reason, human beings express their own will and their actions leads to causes that are not consistent with scientific theory. Need for effective research program: An effective research program can be used to solve and identify the issues, which is existing in the accounting framework. As evident from the current article, it is found that there is a need for stringent testing for models that are exposed in order to perform the careful evaluation of the variable instrument (Bishop, DeZoort and Hermanson 2016). Additionally, there is a requirement for analytical modeling which helps in testing the formation of theoretical models. To implement the analytical modeling in the positive accounting research it is vital to take into the considerations the field preoccupation where the theory swings from tractability to plausibility. The researcher suggests that there is a need for measurement instead of relatively testing the procedures (Hoyle, Schaefer and Doupnik 2015). Regarding accounting, it is found that biasness in the strong publication and exclusion of the dimension, which excludes the association of the provided theory. This is due to the scarcity of resources in accounting and unavailability of sufficient resources at the given period. Significance and Limitations of the article: At the time of assessing the given article, it was found from the research that wide gap amid the existing practices of positive accounting along with needs of making it an important contribution to the wider knowledgeable program. The study has further defined there is absence of system optimization where it is vital for altering the same following the rectification of error (Otley and Emmanuel 2013). The current article objective is to provide rational insight into the scientific research where it is authenticated following the participation of accounting groups. The research has successfully assisted in recognizing the fact that to close the accounting gap there is a need for better theoretical model. The article further proves that positive accounting research is regarded as the complication that is minimized for statement of the anticipated trends existing amid the two variables. The study further lays down numerous limitations from the article that the current research will not contribute in the awareness of the human behavior in the existing context of accounting. The reason for this is that it lacked actual data from potential source. The article further lays down numerous limitations by stating that there is inadequate primary and secondary data that hampers the research quality (Cooper, Ezzamel and Qu 2016). In such circumstances, the researcher had made interpretations derived from the audited statements of auditors who expressed their views on positive accounting research. Hence, the quantitative elements are not sufficiently considered forming critical characteristics of modern era. This is because it helps in projecting future growth of the organization. Conclusion: Following the end of study, it is understood that the article aimed at assessing the theory of epistemology and ontology of positive accounting research. The article aimed at identifying the loopholes and overcoming the same simultaneously. The researcher recommends that the theoretical models that are used in the article needs to be framed in order to facilitate in depth testing of the accounting variables. The recommendations also propose to have better measurement tools for undertaking rigorous evaluation of the testing models. It is obligatory that the theory needs to be applied after performing the findings or substitutions that is associated with the current dependable source. As evident that the behavior of the human beings are considered to be rational in nature where everything does not occurs in terms of the positive accounting theory. One should essentially take into the considerations the quantitative aspects of accounting theory which needs to be prioritized for forecasting the potential performance of an commercial undertakings. To conclude with, there needs a reformation in the positive accounting program in order to minimize the accounting errors. Reference List: Beatty, A. and Liao, S., 2014. Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature.Journal of Accounting and Economics,58(2), pp.339-383. Bishop, C.C., DeZoort, F.T. and Hermanson, D.R., 2016. The Effect of CEO Social Influence Pressure and CFO Accounting Experience on CFO Financial Reporting Decisions.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,36(1), pp.21-41. Chiwamit, P., Modell, S. and Scapens, R.W., 2017. Regulation and adaptation of management accounting innovations: The case of economic value added in Thai state-owned enterprises.Management Accounting Research. Cooper, D.J., Ezzamel, M. and Qu, S., 2016. Popularizing a management accounting idea: The case of the balanced scorecard. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015.Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial Accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Hoyle, J.B., Schaefer, T. and Doupnik, T., 2015.Advanced accounting. McGraw Hill. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge. Otley, D. and Emmanuel, K.M.C., 2013.Readings in accounting for management control. Springer. Pratt, J., 2013.Financial accounting in an economic context. Wiley Global Education. Reimers, J.L., 2014.Financial Accounting: Business Process Approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Robson, K., Young, J. and Power, M., 2017. Themed section on financial accounting as social and organizational practice: exploring the work of financial reporting.Accounting, Organizations and Society,56, pp.35-37. Saunders, A. and Cornett, M.M., 2014.Financial institutions management. McGraw-Hill Education,. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning.